We recently announced a Challenge to advance research in childhood obesity with the Foundation for Prader-Willi Research.  The Challenge is very personal to the Foundation, which is composed of parents of children with Prader-Willi Syndrome.  A solution to this Challenge will have a direct and immediate impact on thousands of children who are currently suffering from the effects of the disorder.  We talked to Shawn about the Challenge, his personal experience with Prader-Willi Syndrome and the overall benefit the Challenge solution will have on the field of obesity research.

Hi Shawn.  Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a relatively rare disorder that may be unfamiliar to many of our Solvers.  Can you tell us a bit about it? What are the biggest challenges faced by children with PWS and their families?

Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in approximately one out of every 20,000 births. PWS affects males and females with equal frequency and affects all races and ethnicities. PWS is recognized as the most common genetic cause of life-threatening childhood obesity.  The syndrome is genetically characterized as an abnormality of chromosome 15.

Common characteristics of PWS include small hands and feet, abnormal growth and body composition (small stature, very low lean body mass and early onset childhood obesity), hypotonia (weak muscles) at birth, insatiable hunger, extreme obesity, intellectual disability and mental illness.

The symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome are thought to be caused by dysfunction of a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a small endocrine organ at the base of the brain that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including hunger and satiety, temperature and pain regulation, sleep-wake balance, fluid balance, emotions, and fertility

The biggest challenge for kids with PWS is the extreme desire to eat.  This insatiable hunger greatly reduces their quality of life and impacts areas such as learning and social interaction.  We’ve all had times in our lives where we missed a meal; maybe you missed a lunch because you needed to make a deadline at work.  As the hunger continues and that feeling of starvation increases, all you can think about is getting your next meal.  It’s difficult to think of anything but food.  Image having that feeling of hunger all day and for the rest of your life, no matter how much you eat.  That is what our kids face.

The stress level for a family with a child who has PWS is very high.  A big part of the stress is the constant supervision required to keep our kids safe from food.  Because they have an inability to regulate their food intake, this task falls on the parents and others that care for them.  Parents often have to lock up their cabinets and refrigerators to manage food consumption.  Unfortunately there have been many cases where a child has died because of overeating and every parent is aware of this risk.  In our society food is a big part of our culture and trying to balance this while protecting our children from food is very difficult and stressful.

How has PWS affected you personally?

It was Friday, a couple of days before Mother’s Day when we got the diagnosis that Ellie (our first child) had PWS.  It was the hardest piece of information I have ever received.  I was completely confused and scared about what this diagnosis meant.  The physical and emotional pain I felt at that moment was like nothing I had ever felt before.  It’s hard to explain unless you have gone through it but when I heard the words Prader-Willi syndrome I knew our lives would never be the same.  She would never be able to have children, going to college was very unlikely and she would not be able to live an independent life.  Those life expectations that we take for granted were gone.  You don’t really realize how important they are to you until they are gone.  Life had changed.

Ellie and our family have been through a lot.  She has required physical and speech therapy almost from birth to today.  Things that come easily for her peers and her baby sister are difficult for her.  She is almost 5 years old and as she gets older I sense that she realizes things are more difficult for her.  She has OCD and autistic like behaviors.  Though she is thin (because of her strict diet and daily physical activity) she is increasingly interested in food.  She talks about it a lot and it’s getting worse.  Food is becoming the most important thing in her life.  Before it was baby dolls, now it’s pizza or birthday cakes.  Almost as soon as she finishes her dinner she is asking her Mommy what’s for dinner tomorrow or when is her next meal.  As a parent, hearing the words “I’m hungry” from Ellie hurts every time I hear it.  And I hear it constantly throughout the day.  Ellie can’t help it but it doesn’t lessen the pain because I know it’s that insatiable appetite that will prevent her from living an independent life.

What would a solution to this Challenge mean for children with PWS?

A solution to this Challenge would increase our understanding of hyperphagia and provide a potential treatment for our loved ones with PWS.  As a parent with a child with special needs, all I want is for my daughter to reach her full potential and to not be limited by PWS.  Finding a treatment to help eliminate or reduce the desire to eat would greatly improve her life and others with PWS.

What prompted you to post your Challenge on the InnoCentive Challenge platform?

At the Foundation for Prader-Will Research we are constantly looking for ways to accelerate research.  Most of the Board members have a child with PWS so we are very motivated to develop or find treatments for our kids as soon as possible.  We believe that the InnoCentive Challenge platform is one way to help accelerate research.

Childhood obesity is a critical problem in general – how might a solution to this problem benefit the larger field of research into this issue?

There was an article I read that interviewed Dr. Francis Collins, Director of the NIH.  He was asked why we should focus on rare diseases when they affect so few people.  I will always remember his answer.  He said, “If you or your family were affected, it wouldn’t be rare for you. And the study of rare diseases has taught us more than most people realize. Furthermore, the opportunities to capitalize on what we have learned so far have never been greater. If you care at all about biology and about understanding medicine, rare diseases are critical.”

I strongly believe in this message. I think one of the reasons you can learn so much from studying rare diseases is that often these rare diseases have extreme characteristics or symptoms that also apply to the general population.  I’m an engineer by training and the easiest way to understand a problem is too look at the extreme version of that problem. It often allows you to more easily see the true cause of the problem.  A milder form of the problem increases the likelihood of missing or overloading the cause because the signals are not as strong.

People with PWS have the extreme characteristics that lead to obesity.  They have very slow metabolism and insatiable appetite.  Left unchecked, a person with PWS will become obese.  By looking more closely at PWS and determining the underlining mechanisms of hyperphagia, this understanding could be applied to the general population.

The Foundation for Prader-Willi Research has been very active in raising research funds for PWS.  Can you tell us about some of those efforts?

The Foundation for Prader-Willi Research was established in 2003 by a small group of parents who saw the need to foster research that would help their children with Prader-Willi syndrome lead more healthy and fulfilling lives.  Today, FPWR is composed of hundreds of parents, family members, researchers, and others who are interested in addressing the many issues related to PWS, including childhood obesity, developmental delays, psychiatric disorders and autism spectrum disorders.

The mission of FPWR is to eliminate the challenges of Prader-Willi syndrome through the advancement of research.  High quality research will lead to more effective treatments and an eventual cure for this disorder

To date, the FPWR has committed more than $2,000,000 to support PWS-related research.  Research funded by FPWR has been published in top medical journals, including Nature Neuroscience, Endocrinology, and BMC Genomics.

Is there anything you’d like our Solvers to know about your Challenge?

We are so excited to launch this Challenge with InnoCentive.  If this Challenge is solved it will directly impact the lives of people with PWS.  A greater understanding of hyperphagia in PWS is critical to developing or finding treatments that our loved ones so need and deserve.  It’s our hope that this Challenge will lead to treatments.  There is also a real possibility that any insight or treatments we learn from this Challenge can apply to the general obesity epidemic, which is one of our society’s biggest health crisis.

The World Resources Institute (WRI), a global think tank that works with organizations to help solve urgent environmental challenges, recently completed an InnoCentive Challenge aimed at helping local communities across the globe adapt to changing climate conditions.  We talked with Eliot Metzger at WRI about the Challenge and the winning Solutions.

Hello Eliot.  Thanks for coming back to tell us about your completed Challenge.  Perhaps you can start by reminding our readers about the goals of the Challenge.

One of our primary goals at WRI is to help people adapt to the impacts of climate change and advance innovative solutions that prevent further damage to the global climate system. With this Challenge, we were seeking creative ideas for communicating local needs in communities dealing with climate challenges they have never seen before.

Communities across the globe are confronting more extreme weather, like heat waves, droughts, and floods.  They also are facing more subtle and long-term impacts, which can be equally disruptive. Sea level rise is one well-known example, but there are also food and health risks as a changing climate creates conditions for increasing pest populations or insect-borne disease.

These are global and regional disruptions creating new needs at a local level. A community in Ghana may be looking for new energy sources to compensate for the hydroelectric power supply that is less reliable because of changing rainfall patterns. A coastal community in Vietnam may be in need of infrastructure to deal with increasing tidal floods because of rising sea levels.

We asked for ideas that could leverage new communication models and advances in information and communication technology to meet these needs. Our challenge to the InnoCentive Solvers was to come up with ideas for a communications platform that linked communities, governments, and companies. We want to see information flow from the local level to inform new approaches for national-level decision making and new goods and services from the business community.

This was an Ideation Challenge, and you made four awards.  Tell us your thinking about that decision.

Well, first of all it was difficult to pick just one idea.  There were several that stood above the rest.  And among those, each offered something slightly different.  I can’t say that any one of the solutions we reviewed had exactly what we were looking for, but nearly all the proposals had at least a few interesting ideas.

There were four ideas that were particularly comprehensive, creative, and still quite practical. We decided to recognize and reward each of those Solvers. It was nice to have the flexibility to spread the award money among several good ideas.

Can you share with us some of the most compelling ideas that were awarded?

Sure. The top idea suggested tapping into local universities to communicate on-the-ground needs for climate change solutions. This was particularly compelling because it would create local champions among university students, who have established connections and a very deep interest in helping their communities adapt.

Another winning idea described ways to get key players involved and excited about meeting new needs in a changing climate. For example, incentives for companies to provide mobile phone services or share intellectual property that could help communities communicate and implement climate change solutions.

Other winning proposals offered ideas for using SMS text messaging and local community networks to collect and disseminate critical information about changing climate conditions.

What now?  Do you have any plans to incorporate these solutions into future programming?  If so, what impact might this have on climate change on a local level?

I expect there will be several opportunities to build these ideas into WRI’s efforts to help countries and communities adapt to climate change.  We have worked recently to develop ideas for how companies, governments and communities can partner to adapt to climate change. Communication strategies figure to be a critical component of any such partnerships. WRI also just released the latest World Resources Report, which focuses on decision making in a changing climate and highlights information sharing strategies among other recommendations.

My team at WRI is actively working to highlight strategies for accelerating private sector innovation to help address climate change. There is much that leading companies can do to help communities adapt to climate challenges. It will require more awareness and information about risks and opportunities, along with innovative business models, goods and services.

This was your first Challenge with InnoCentive, and we were impressed with your thorough review process.  Any advice you might have for others regarding evaluation of submissions or other aspects of the Challenge process?

That’s nice to hear. At WRI, we pride ourselves on thorough and inclusive peer review processes.

Once the ideas were in, we established a review panel of colleagues from across the Institute with a wealth of expertise. Some are working on climate change adaptation policy. Others work with communities on environmental issues. Others work with small and medium-sized businesses on sustainability strategies.

I’d highly recommend pulling together such a group when evaluating solutions.  The diverse group helped us get input about what ideas seemed most promising from various perspectives. It helped, for example, to hear from colleagues working with vulnerable communities about what communication technologies are most feasible (i.e., SMS is a better bet than a fancy smart phone app). In fact, some of our colleagues were already exploring similar ideas in their work and the review panel served as an informal forum for further ideation and information sharing.

I also want to take this as an opportunity to acknowledge the helpful insights we gained from everyone we worked with at InnoCentive.  We very much hope to do more with open innovation at WRI going forward.

Thanks – we hope to work with WRI again soon.

Institutional corruption is on the rise.  Illegal corruption is relatively simple to identify and combat – dumping of chemicals into water supplies, bribes offered and accepted, election fraud.  However, a different type of abuse has been getting increasing attention in the media, which often involves acts that are technically considered legal, but can be just as damaging, to employees, constituents and the organization’s reputation. Recently the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University, an organization founded by professor and political activist Lawrence Lessig to study institutional corruption, turned to the InnoCentive Solver community to help develop systems that expose corrupting forces within public and private institutions. We talked to Neeru Paharia, Director of Research for the center, about this particular Challenge.

Hi Neeru – thank you for talking with us today.  Your Challenge focuses on ideas for a system to monitor institutional corruption.   What would an ideal solution look like?

We hope a solution would outline how to collect and present relevant information about an institution to constituencies in a meaningful way so that 1. they can make better personal decisions, and 2. the institution now has an additional incentive to serve its constituents.

What would you consider to be the biggest hurdle to monitoring corruption?

Watchdog groups, the media, auditors, and regulators have all been deployed to monitor corruption. However all these groups are also vulnerable to capture. For example, in most cases financial auditors are employed by those whom they are auditing. What is their incentive to find fraud when their future business is also at risk? Thus, we are excited about the possibility of data transparency, analysis, crowd sourcing, etc. to take on a monitoring role. With technology and the internet, this is an emerging area and there are some promising projects already underway. Organizations like maplight.org, guidestar,org, and even yelp.com in the case of business are collecting and exposing data in a meaningful way that is of use to constituents.

Is there a profession or industry that you think is in most dire need of this solution?

I think people have differing opinions on this. Campaign finance is certainly one that if reformed, may have beneficial trickle down effects into other institutions and industries.

Can you give us an example of a form of “legal” corruption?

Imagine there is a regulator, and the organization she regulates suggests that they might consider her for a future job with a pay rate that is at least double of what she currently earns. Do you think the regulator will be more or less lenient with the company?

In what ways do you think you’ll be able to apply the winning solution?

We still do not really know what to expect so make no firm assertions about what we will do. However, if we receive a solution that we think is especially viable we may attempt to deploy it.

Would you say that the majority of the organizations that you would target with these new tools will be motivated to implement them?   Or is the benefit purely to the organizations’ stakeholders?

If the solution is something an organization has to implement, their incentive is to improve trust and legitimacy with their stakeholders. If the solution can be deployed by an outside party then it does not matter.

What are your thoughts on current methods of drawing attention to corporate corruption (Occupy Wall Street, etc.?)  Do you think they are effective in shining a light on this problem, or do they stand in the way of true solutions?

The protesters on Wall Street are advocating for many different things. What is most resonant to us is that we have a bigger systemic problem. In the case of the financial crisis, these problems have led to a system failure with very little accountability. We hope attention to these systemic problems continue to be a point of discussion in the public debate.

Very interesting.  Thanks for talking with us today and good luck with your Challenge.

Thank you.

Can you tell us a bit about the Life Technologies Grand Challenge Program?

The Life Technologies Grand Challenge Program consists of three separate Challenges, each of which has a $1M prize associated with it. The three Challenges are Speed, Scalability, and Accuracy. The speed Challenge is centered on going from genomic DNA to pressing the start button on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine(TM). If a Solver can do that in half the amount of time as we can do it, they win $1M. The focus on the scalability Challenge is to get more data from a single run of the PGM either by generating more reads or by my making the reads longer. If a Solver can double the throughput of a single run, you win $1M. Finally, the accuracy Challenge. The accuracy Challenge is unique in that it is purely a bioinformatics Challenge and Solvers don’t need to have a PGM to participate. The goal here is to take a subset of reads in which the bases calls are 99% accurate and develop a better signal processing algorithm to make them 99.5% accurate. The Solver that can cut the error rate in half wins $1M.

In general the Life Technologies Grand Challenge Program is a typical crowd sourcing initiative (e.g., Netflix), but with one subtle difference. Since these Challenges all involve core pieces of the platform, we continue to work on them along side Solvers. Each quarter we release the current benchmarks along with protocols and software used to generate them and Solver have three months to work on and submit a solution. At the end of the three month if the Challenges remain unsolved, we update the benchmarks and the process starts over.

Wow, $1M that’s a pretty big prize pool? Why are these Challenges so important to Life Technologies?

It is about shared innovation, semiconductor sequencing in and of itself is built on innovations that happen from many others across a wide range of industries. For example the computing industry, semi-conductor industry, sequencing manufacturing industry, etc. Additionally, a lot of what we are doing is open source like our software where we release our source code. The Grand Challenges represent a continuation of shared innovation. We realize that there are a lot of really bright people in this world. Why not empower them and leverage their insights and innovation by building a community and platform where they can openly share their ideas.

Are there any other Grand Challenges from Life Sciences?

The fourth grand Challenge is again for $1M, but this time it’s for an application on the 5500 genetic analyzer.

In this grand Challenge the winner will demonstrate the ability to isolate a single human cancer cell and then extract and analyze both the RNA and DNA, thus giving a complete genetic profile of the single cell transcriptome and genome. Completion of this Challenge will result in new methodologies for extracting single RNA and DNA whilst retaining the underlying genomic and transcriptome structure. We believe this will be a major breakthrough for cancer biology and coupled with the high throughput and accuracy of the SOLiD chemistry will enable many exciting questions about cancer development to be answered.

So far the Challenges have been open for 6 months, can you tell us what you’ve heard from the scientist and engineers that you’ve been in touch with during that period?

Solvers are really excited about semiconductor sequencing and the open source nature of the platform. Hundreds of labs now have access to semiconductor sequencing and everyone is digging into the data as more and more is produced and released. Several bloggers are following the Challenges and helping other start digesting the problem. Everyone likes the free exchange of ideas that the BlogTalk Radio interviews are providing. Ion Torrent R&D scientists are describing their views on the Grand Challenges. It really helps lower the bar to entry when someone explains their views on what’s hard about each Grand Challenge.

We just reopened three of the Challenges on Semiconductor Sequencing. Can you tell us a bit about what is new in these Challenges for the current quarter?

The primary change for this quarter is that we are moving the Challenges from the Ion Torrent 314(TM) chip to the 316(TM) chip. So all of the benchmarks are now based off our best internal 316 run. In addition to that we have also released a couple of new tools. The first is Torrent Scout, which is designed to help accuracy Solvers. Torrent Scout allows users to access raw data generated by the PGM and view the data from the raw signal to the final alignment. The second is the PGM Flow Script editor. This is most applicable to scalability Solvers. The flow script editor allows Solver to change fluidic parameters on the PGM, for example if a Solver wanted to change the nucleotide flow order or flow times. This will enable Solvers to test different sequencing conditions. In addition to the tools, we are also releasing more dataset for accuracy Solvers. In addition to the Challenge dataset we are also posting three additional 316 datasets to use for testing.

Any tips that you’d offer to the Solvers?

Each Challenge is different. The Speed Challenge focuses primarily on molecular biology and particle chemistry. It involves representation and delivery of DNA to the semiconductor surface. The Scalability Challenge is about getting more and longer reads through the system, which could involve both chemistry and software enhancements. The Accuracy Challenge is about signal processing and phase correction. There is a series of recorded interviews with several Ion Torrent Scientists discussing which areas are likely to be most beneficial when approaching each of the Grand Challenges. Find out what Ion has been working on and what areas remain unexplored. All the interviews are available on Blog Talk Radio. In addition to that we also recommend that Solvers sign up for an account (it is free) on the Ion Community and visit the Grand Challenge space. It is a great knowledge sharing resource for accuracy Solvers to share ideas, tips, and tricks.

Thank you for joining us today, Sanjoy.  Can you tell us a little bit about JDRF and the role you play in combating type 1 diabetes?

JDRF is committed to curing, treating, and preventing type 1 diabetes. While we work toward a cure, we strive to help people with type 1 diabetes live better, longer, healthier lives – people at all ages and at all stages of the disease.  They are the reason JDRF exists, and remain at the forefront of everything we do.

A vital part of the fight against type 1 diabetes is developing better treatments to help people live better with the disease while we search for cures and preventions. And that is why JDRF is taking strides to make managing the disease better, safer, more efficient – because it’s not an easy disease to live with.

JDRF is the largest charitable funder and advocate of diabetes science worldwide, and since our founding in 1970, we’ve awarded more than $1.5 billion to diabetes research. In fact, more than 80 percent of JDRF’s expenditures directly support research and research-related education.

Your Challenge is seeking ideas for the development of glucose-responsive insulin.  What is glucose-responsive insulin and what kind of impact would the discovery and development of glucose-responsive insulin have on people with diabetes?

JDRF is utilizing InnoCentive’s Challenge platform to create a tightly controlled, glucose-responsive insulin drug for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.  This will enable improved glucose control, decrease or eliminate the need to test or monitor blood glucose levels, improve quality of life for people with the disease, and reduce their chances of short- and long-term diabetic complications.

Such a glucose-responsive insulin holds the potential to transform the lives of the hundreds of millions of people with diabetes in the world who are dependent on insulin (both type 1 and type 2). Working only when the body needs it, glucose-responsive insulin would deliver the precise amount of insulin in response to circulating glucose levels, to control and maintain normal blood glucose levels throughout a daily routine, with once-daily or less frequent dosing in people with insulin-dependent diabetes. This novel form of insulin would not need to be calibrated with carbohydrates or blood glucose testing (compared to current administration of insulin multiple times or continuously in a day).

Currently, all insulin treatments for people with diabetes release the same amount of insulin at fixed times throughout the entire body.  However, in people without diabetes, the body secretes insulin in proportion to local blood glucose levels, delivering it to the body’s tissues and organs at the appropriate times, according to their specific needs.  This helps the person without diabetes to maintain a target blood glucose level throughout the day.  Glucose-responsive insulin could therefore be a transformative solution, vastly improving the quality of life of people with insulin-dependent diabetes.

Can you talk about the larger universe of diabetes research?  Will there ever be a cure for diabetes?

Most countries, certainly the ones with a dedicated research budget, are investing significantly in diabetes research, because in addition to the life-burdening and life-threatening effects of this disease, the socio-economic burden is almost insurmountable.  Current treatments have come a long way but these are unable to reverse the disease or prevent it in people at risk.

We have made progress toward the development of a cure.  We now have a better understanding of the disease and its progression.  This has enabled us to define various points of intervention with many plausible options that can be considered cures based on the causes of the disease and the stage of disease in each individual.  JDRF is pursuing research to benefit individuals at all ages and stages of type 1 diabetes – research to prevent the disease in those who are at risk; to reverse or slow the autoimmune process in those who are newly diagnosed; and research to remove the underlying autoimmune attack and restore beta cell function in those who have lived with the disease for years.

You have mentioned that this Challenge could be the first stage in a larger “Grand Challenge” series. Can you tell us a bit about the bigger series and what will happen if you receive the solution you’re looking for?

There are several stages to this Challenge that will need to be executed with a step-by-step approach.  This means that only when a certain phase is completed successfully, will we move on to the next phase.

The first phase of the Challenge, A GRI (Glucose Responsive Insulin) for Better Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (link to Challenge) will involve JDRF fielding ideas for the development of a glucose-responsive insulin drug.  During this phase, solvers will submit a brief overview of their concept and design for execution.

Once JDRF decides to award a Solver for this prize, JDRF will move on to the second phase of the “Grand Challenge” series, the Pre-Clinical Proof-of Principle Validation phase. This  phase will build on the successful ideas from phase one, and provide detailed research plans, including pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies in animal model/s of type 1 diabetes, timelines, and budget estimates.

Continuing to build on the success of the previous phases, JDRF would then initiate the third phase of the Challenge, the Clinical Proof-of-Concept phase.  At this stage, JDRF will work to outline a projected path forward for clinical development of glucose-responsive insulin and then execute on that plan to produce a pharmacologically safe and efficacious “drug” for use by people with type 1 diabetes.  The second and third stages may involve the Winning Solvers and potentially partners from the academic and commercial sectors as part of a project team.

In other words, the final stage of the Grand Challenge Prize will encompass all steps necessary to turn ideas and plans into a commercially-viable therapy.  And since each step relies on the previous stage’s success, it’s particularly critical that we receive good ideas for the first Challenge, as this will set the tone for the rest of the Challenge series.

At the end of the day, we are hopeful that we have helped to advance the development of a promising drug for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes.

What criteria would a solution need to meet in order to move to the next step in the series?  How would the winning Solver(s) be involved in that next step?

Criteria for a winning solution are listed in the Challenge, and involve steps toward the discovery and development of most drugs. The winning Solver(s) will be invited to participate in the subsequent step(s), either alone or as part of a larger team of Solvers.

Because diabetes is such a high risk disease, a successful solution must offer potential solutions addressing three essential issues:

• Maintain physiologic glucose levels (between 70 and 110 mg/dL or between 4 – 6 mM most of the time, with post prandial values rising to no more than 160 for no longer than an hour) with a normal daily routine and at all ages
• Prevent overdosing of insulin, which causes hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels), a serious short-term adverse effect in people with diabetes
• Reduce the burden of managing the disease by minimizing human intervention – reduce frequent blood glucose measurements, calculation of insulin doses and the need to administer insulin – thus dramatically improving the quality of life

Is there anything else that you’d like our Solvers to know about this Challenge?

JDRF wants to encourage talent from beyond the diabetes research field to enter into this Challenge.  Different perspectives could prove invaluable in helping to solve some of the main hurdles facing the development of glucose-responsive insulin.

An unmet need for millions of people living with insulin-dependent diabetes, glucose-responsive insulin has the potential to positively transform the lives of those individuals.

Thank you Sanjoy, and good luck with your Challenge.

Thank you.